Hyla Cass, M.D.
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 Boron
3 mg
Needed for proper enzyme function
Copper Iron
2 mg
2 mg for premenopausal women; men and menopausal women don't need extra iron, unless prescribed by a physician and cellular energy production; boron is also important for bone building.
Manganese
5 mg
Potassium
99 mg
Chromium
200 meg
Helps balance blood sugar especially good for diabetics.
Iodine
150 meg
Required for proper function of the thyroid gland.
Selenium
200 meg
Works with vitamin E to protect against oxidation.
Molybdenum
300 meg
Needed by many of the body's enzymes. |
| The key to energy production in the body is oxygen. Oxygen is the ultimate "essential"—a few minutes without it and, of course, we'll die. Have you ever thought about what happens to oxygen once it enters your body?
You inhale and send oxygen-rich air into your lungs. That oxygen passes into your bloodstream, and is taken up into individual cells. Those cells use it to help burn food to produce energy, in a process called oxidation. As cells use oxygen to metabolize (break down to create energy) carbohydrates, fat, and protein, they create a kind of "exhaust" or waste known as free radicals. |
Jonny Bowden, Ph.D., C.N.S.
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 If toxins are not removed from mitochondria, they can damage the mitochondria, which will slow down energy production even more."
Several clinical trials have suggested that acetyl-L-carnitine may delay the onset of age-related cognitive decline and improve overall cognitive function in the elderly. It also protects the brain from damage due to poor circulation and helps to repair injured nerve cells. After three months using recommended doses of acetyl-L-carnitine, there is marked improvement in general cognitive function. |
Paula Begoun and Bryan Barron
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 What about the Oxygen Paradox, which states that oxygen is dangerous to the very life forms for which it has become an essential component of energy production (including human beings)?
The first defense against oxygen toxicity is the sharp reduction in the amount of oxygen present in cells, from the level present in air of 20% to a tissue concentration of only 3% to 4% oxygen. These relatively low oxygen levels in tissue prevent most oxidative damage from ever occurring. |
Andreas Moritz
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 Their energy production, measured by the amount of ATP molecules they make, begins to drop abruptly as a result of this response. This practically means that the tissues in the body are increasingly cut off from the routes of energy supply and, hence, become weakened. In practical terms, this situation forces all the organs, glands, blood vessels, nerves and muscles to subsist on minimal energy, which jeopardizes the normal functioning of the body. |
Jonny Bowden, Ph.D., C.N.S.
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| Every cell has a little structure in its nucleus called the mitochondria, which can be thought of as Ground Zero for energy production. This is where all the action takes place—where cellular energy in the form of molecules like ATP is created.
Think of L-carnitine, a vitamin-like compound that can be obtained from the diet and also made in the body, as a shuttle bus. Its job is to escort fatty acids into the mitochondria of the cells where they can be "burned" for energy. |
Tom Bohager
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 They are the enzymes that make biochemical reactions for detoxification and energy production (metabolic energy) possible within the cells. They have been called the spark of life, the energy of life, and the vitality of life.
Every organ, every bit of tissue, and all of the 100 trillion cells in our body depend upon the reaction of metabolic enzymes and their energy factor. You may wonder why it is that few of us have ever heard of metabolic enzymes, since they have such an important role within the body. |
Mark Sircus
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 We should not be surprised that magnesium chloride, a strong cell tonic, one that releases energy production by boosting ATP levels as well as hundreds of enzyme reactions, would have this effect.
Low pituitary function may lead to decreased development of the sexual organs, early menopause in women, and impotence in men. Weak adrenals may reduce the desire and strength for sex and increase sensitivity to stress. Low thyroid may cause a lack of desire or capacity for sex. In men, low testicular function decreases sex drive and sperm production. |
Stephen T. Sinatra, M.D.
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 Coenzyme Qio becomes reduced as it accepts electrons as part of its work in the electron transport chain of oxidative phosphorylation (cellular energy production). And it becomes oxidized as it gives up electrons to pass them along the chain. In the reduced form, coenzyme Q10 can give up electrons quickly and easily, and thus acts as an antioxidant against free radicals. Since free radicals are highly reactive molecules with unpaired electrons, coenzyme Qio's remarkable electron donor activity makes it an ideal antioxidant. |
Andreas Moritz
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| This generates the perfect osmotic pressure necessary for cellular nourishment and energy production. In a dehydrated state, the body fails to sustain this vital mechanism, thereby leading to potentially serious cell damage.
The Pain Connection
Another major indicator of dehydration in the body is pain. In response to an increasing shortage of water, the brain activates and stores the important neurotransmitter histamine, which directs certain subordinate water regulators to redistribute the amount of water that is in circulation. |
Stephen T. Sinatra, M.D.
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| Mitochondria are probably the most important cellular organelle, because cells cease to function and will eventually die without their continual supply of energy production. Mitochondrial function slows or stops altogether as we age and, in many disease conditions, decreases our cellular energy supply and makes us weaker.
Mitochondria actually have two sets of membranes: the smooth continuous outer coat, and an inner membrane that is arranged in folds called cristae (see Figure 3.5). |
Mehmet C. Oz., M.D. and Michael F. Roizen, M.D.
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 LDH plays an important role in energy production in cells.
Total protein: These levels are used in the evaluation of nutritional status, liver synthetic functions, kidney syndromes, malabsorption, and cancers. Protein levels may be elevated due to dehydration, vomiting, and diarrhea. Total protein levels may be decreased in kidney syndromes, salt retention syndromes, severe burns, extensive bleeding, pregnancy, intestinal malabsorption, and severe protein starvation. |
Gabriel Cousens
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 Enzymes that contain niacin play an important role in energy production and the metabolism of fat, cholesterol, and carbohydrates as a pre-hormone component in the sex and adrenal hormones, as well as a neurotransmitter precursor. Niacin is part of the glucose tolerance factor as well. Using niacinamide has had significant effects in Type-l and Type-2 diabetes. There is some suggestion that niacinamide given within the first five years of the onset of Type-l may help ameliorate the effect. It has also been shown to reduce total cholesterol and triglycerides, and increase HDL levels. |
| But more important, they tested the genes associated with the mitochondria and their energy production and found that the fatty foods these volunteers ate actually turned off the genes that affected the cells' ability to burn fat. The genes that produce mitochondria were in fact disabled. The implication fits with our larger theory that fat interferes with the normal workings of the cells, including the ability to adequately respond to the intracellular signaling of insulin. With the fat accumulation, the glucose is not able to be properly metabolized. |
Dr. Steve Blake
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 Amino acids are routinely converted in the cell in preparation for energy production, as seen in Figure 1-2. The B vitamins enable the transfer of amino groups from one amino acid to another.
The ability to transfer amino groups is vital in the maintenance of our DNA. B vitamins help with our metabolism by helping to convert fats and amino acids to glucose (blood sugar). Additionally, certain B vitamins are needed to build hemoglobin, which carries oxygen throughout the body. |
Mark Sircus
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| Thyroid hormone is intimately associated with regulation of energy production and mitochondrial function. Indeed, mitochondria are equipped with thyroid hormone receptors. According to Biotics Research Corporation enzyme utilization of ATP generated by mitochondria requires complex formation with magnesium, generally in a 1:1 ratio. Magnesium is essential for protein synthesis, cell replication and activation of the sodium-potassium pump, as well as regulation of calcitonin and parathyroid hormone. |
Stephen T. Sinatra, M.D.
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| In one clinical trial, researchers demonstrated that daily therapy using 300 mg of oral coenzyme Qiq for two weeks prior to cardiac surgery increased the coenzyme Qi0 content in cardiac muscle, improved mitochondrial energy production, and offered myocardial protection during heart surgery.
In another study, the same group of researchers demonstrated that in the older heart, coenzyme Qio treatment increased the capacity to sustain a cardiac workload by 28 percent compared to untreated hearts. |
Mark Sircus
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| General Tonic: Magnesium chloride is a strong tonic boosting all aspects of cell physiology and energy production. Magnesium is essential for life as it participates in over 325 enzyme reactions. Expect more energy, strength and endurance and even increased sexual energy.
Sports: Magnesium is perhaps the single most important mineral to sports nutrition. This is true especially of athletes. During vigorous exercise, we excrete critical minerals through our sweat, the most important being magnesium. |
| The problem that comes with low magnesium (Mg) levels is the calcium builds up inside the cells while energy production decreases as the mitochondria gradually calcify.
"Magnesium is critical for all of the energetics of the cells because it is absolutely required that the magnesium be bound (chelated) by ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the central high energy compound of the body. |
| This includes the body's ability to heal, overall energy production (ATP), skin integrity, cardiac health, diabetes prevention, pain management, a calming effect on the nervous system, sleep improvement, lowering of blood pressure, are among the general uses magnesium chloride can be put to.
The studies coming out every day provide more evidence of the need to supply adequate magnesium to people of all ages, and in a form that will be easily absorbed.
What a few can do with intravenous magnesium injections, everyone can do with transdermal magnesium.
Dr. |
Steven V. Joyal
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 Scientists have long known that CoQl 0 levels decrease with age and that there is a clear association between that decline and age-related problems related to energy production in cells. We also know that ubiquinol has impressive effects on aging. Some of those effects were demonstrated in a 2006 study of experimental aging in animals, published in Experimental Gerontology.
Scientists use animals for these types of aging experiments because such studies in humans would take three decades or longer to show results. |
| This nutrient plays a critical role in energy production and also acts as a potent antioxidant. Levels of CoQl 0 decline with age and are also low in people who have diabetes and other chronic conditions, including heart disease and cancer. Food sources include organ meats (such as liver, kidney), beef, soybean oil, mackerel, and peanuts, but the amounts of CoQlO in food are quite low. Recent scientific research strongly supports the health benefits of ingesting relatively high levels of CoQlO, and for this reason, supplementation is recommended. |
| A 2006 study, published in Biogerontology, showed that carnitine and lipoic acid dramatically improved heart muscle energy production. Yet another recent experimental study, published in Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, showed that carnitine decreased age-induced dysfunction in aging heart muscle.
The suggested dose of carnitine (as L-carnitine, acetyl-L-carnitine, or propionyl-L-carnitine) is 2,000 mg daily. Side effects are uncommon but may include diarrhea or stomach pain.
Chromium
Chromium is a nutrient that is essential for fat and carbohydrate metabolism. |
| It is involved in energy production and specifically assists with the oxidation of glucose. Several published scientific studies have shown that carnitine supplementation supports insulin sensitivity and optimizes blood glucose levels. Carnitine has also been shown to decrease fat levels in muscle.
A study conducted by experts at Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan, showed the benefits of taking carnitine for metabolic health. The researchers examined data from two yearlong, placebo-controlled trials that involved more than 1,200 patients with diabetes. |
Mark Sircus
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| Despite magnesium's pivotal role in energy production, many coaches and athletes remain unaware of its critical importance in maintaining health and performance. Research suggests that even small shortfalls in magnesium intake can seriously impair athletic performance.1
Magnesium deficiency reduces metabolic efficiency, increases oxygen consumption and heart rate required to perform work, all things that would take the edge off of athletic performance
(not to mention carrying out the functions of normal life). |
Brenda Watson and Leonard Smith
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 Everyday physiological processes such as energy production, digestion, and hormone synthesis create waste products that, if not discarded, interfere with the function of your internal organs. Internal toxicity is the process by which the body produces toxic substances that are self-destructive. As humans we perform only two broad physiological functions. First, we take in and absorb nutrients, and second, we expel waste and toxins. |
Dr. Steve Blake
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| The B vitamins are used in many aspects of metabolism, but they are the stars in energy production as coenzymes in catabolic reactions.
A coenzyme attaches to an enzyme to activate the enzyme. These coenzymes enable the enzymes to synthesize compounds or to dismantle compounds.
THE ROLES OF THE B VITAMINS
The B vitamins are needed for healthy nerve conduction and thus muscle action. They are needed for the synthesis of many important neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine, serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. |
Mehmet C. Oz., M.D. and Michael F. Roizen, M.D.
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| Mitochondria are especially hardy to withstand the dangers of being near free radicals that can be generated with high-powered energy production.
Figure M Radical Demonstration Oxygen free radicals are created whew a pair of electrons is separated while spinning around the nucleus of a cell. The odd man out becomes disruptive as it seeks another partner.
Lee
STAY IN PAIRS, \ PPee (2ap(CALf J the power plant, it's radiation that seeps into surrounding neighborhoods and towns. |
Dr. Steve Blake
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| Deficiency of magnesium can slow down this energy-producing cycle. Most energy production and energy transfer in cells uses adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which exists as a complex with magnesium.
Vitamin B6 is needed to release the energy from certain carbohydrates. Vitamin B6 is needed by a coenzyme that helps release blood sugar from glycogen (stored blood sugar). Only 13 percent of the Vitamin B6 in whole wheat remains after it is refined into white flour. White rice contains only 34 percent of the vitamin B6 present in brown rice. |
David Steinman
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 Although this world of mining and energy production is truly a world away from Los Angeles, on the other side of the Tehachapi mountain range, we were only around 150 miles from the Chevron refinery in El Segundo where much oil from this field, which is now more than one hundred years old, would journey before it powered the LA. car scene.
I got into Ng's half-ton truck. He said he could give me half a megawatt of energy—which he said could power 250 regular homes, "not movie stars' homes, regular people's homes"? |
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